Hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness, refers to a loss of hair from part of the head or body. Typically at least the head is involved. The severity of hair loss can vary from a small area to the entire body. Inflammation or scarring is not usually present. Hair loss in some people causes psychological distress.
How to Prevent Hair Loss?
Hair loss can range from mild hair thinning to total baldness. Hair can fall out for many different reasons. Medically, hair loss falls into several categories, including:
- Telogen effluvium — This common form of hair loss happens two to three months after a major body stress, such as a prolonged illness, major surgery or serious infection. It also can happen after a sudden change in hormone levels, especially in women after childbirth. Moderate amounts of hair fall out from all parts of the scalp, and may be noticed on a pillow, in the tub or on a hairbrush. While hair on some parts of the scalp may appear thinner, it is rare to see large bald spots.
- Drug side effects — Hair loss can be a side effect of certain medications, including lithium, beta-blockers, warfarin, heparin, amphetamines and levodopa (Atamet, Larodopa, Sinemet). In addition, many medications used in cancer chemotherapy — such as doxorubicin (Adriamycin) — commonly cause sudden hair loss affecting the entire head.
- Symptom of a medical illness — Hair loss can be one of the symptoms of a medical illness, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), syphilis, a thyroid disorder (such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), a sex-hormone imbalance or a serious nutritional problem, especially a deficiency of protein, iron, zinc or biotin. These deficiencies are most common in people on restrictive diets and women who have very heavy menstrual flow.
- Tinea capitis (fungal infection of the scalp) — This form of patchy hair loss happens when certain types of fungi infect the scalp. This causes the hair to break off at the scalp surface and the scalp to flake or become scaly. Tinea capitis is a common form of patchy hair loss in children.
- Alopecia areata — This is an autoimmune disease that causes hair to fall out in one or more small patches. The cause of this condition is unknown, although it is more common in people who have other autoimmune diseases. When the same process causes total loss of hair from the scalp it is known as alopecia totalis
- Traumatic alopecia — This form of hair loss is caused by hairdressing techniques that pull the hair (tight braiding or cornrowing), expose hair to extreme heat and twisting (curling iron or hot rollers) or damage the hair with strong chemicals (bleaching, hair coloring, permanent waves). In addition, some people have an uncommon psychiatric disorder (trichotillomania) in which compulsive hair pulling and twisting can cause bald spots.
- Hereditary pattern baldness, or androgenetic alopecia — In men, hair loss may follow the typical male pattern (receding front hairline and/or thinning hair at the top of the head). This is the most common type of hair loss, and it can begin at any time in a man’s life, even during his teen years. It usually is caused by the interaction of three factors: an inherited tendency toward baldness, male hormones and increasing age. Many women will develop some degree of female-pattern baldness. In women, thinning occurs over the entire top or crown of the scalp, sparing the front of the scalp.
Symptoms
We normally lose approximately 50 to 100 scalp hairs each day. If more than this is falling out, you may find unusually large amounts of hair in brushes, on clothing, and in the drains of sinks and tubs. You may also notice that your hair is generally thinner, that your part is wider, that your hairline has changed or that one or more bald patches have appeared.
When hair loss is the result of telogen effluvium or medication side effects, the hair loss usually is all over the head, while in tinea infections and alopecia areata, the hair loss occurs in small patches. Also, tinea infections can cause additional symptoms, such as scaling of the scalp or areas of broken hairs that look like black dots. In traumatic alopecia, the area of hair loss depends on the method of hair injury and follows the pattern inflicted by hot rollers, braiding or chemical treatments. In male-pattern baldness, the hairline usually begins to recede at the temples first, followed by thinning at the top of the head. Gradually, the crown area becomes totally bald, leaving a fringe of hair around the back and sides of the head.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will diagnose the cause of your hair loss based on your medical history, the medications you take, your nutritional status, your hairdressing habits and a physical examination. If your doctor suspects a fungal infection of your scalp, he or she may take a hair sample for laboratory testing. Blood tests probably will be needed if your doctor suspects a medical illness (such as lupus) or a thyroid problem, iron deficiency or sex-hormone imbalance.
Expected Duration
How long hair loss lasts depends on the cause. In telogen effluvium, for example, hair usually is lost over several weeks to months, but then grows back over the next several months. When hair loss is a side effect of a medication, hair growth usually returns to normal once the drug is stopped. If you are losing hair because of abusive hairdressing, the hair loss usually stops after you change to more natural styling, except in traction alopecia, which results from years of pulling the hair back in tight braids. In tinea scalp infection, the fungus that causes the problem must be treated for at least 6 to 12 weeks and hair regrowth may be slow. Early treatment is important in preventing possible permanent hair loss. Both male- and female-pattern baldness tend to get worse over time but can be treated.
Prevention
Some forms of hair loss can be prevented by minimizing stress, eating a healthy diet and using sensible hairdressing techniques, and, if possible, switching to medications that do not cause hair loss. Hair loss from fungal infections can be prevented by keeping hair clean and by never sharing hats, combs or brushes with other people. Hair loss from hereditary-pattern baldness can sometimes be prevented by medication.
Treatment
Hair loss resulting from telogen effluvium or drug side effects usually requires no treatment other than discontinuing the medication that is causing the problem. Limiting trauma or chemical exposure (such as use of a blow dryer, hair straightener, coloring or perms) may limit or stop hair loss. Hair loss from poor nutrition or medical illness usually stops with the adoption of a healthy diet and treatment of the underlying medical condition. Treatment of fungal scalp infection requires 6 to 12 weeks of oral medication, such as terbinafine (Lamisil) or itraconazole (Sporanox), with or without shampoos containing selenium sulfide (Selsun Blue, Head & Shoulders, others) or ketoconazole (Nizoral). Alopecia areata can be treated with a corticosteroid that is injected or applied to the skin. Other treatments for this condition include anthralin cream (Drithocreme, DrithoScalp, Psoriatec), minoxidil (Loniten, Rogain) or a combination of these therapies.
Many men and women with hereditary-pattern baldness do not seek treatment for hair loss. For those who do seek medical treatment, initial therapy is usually topical minoxidil (Rogaine). Men can also be treated with oral finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) or dutasteride (Avodart) or they can choose hair transplants or scalp-reduction surgery. Premenopausal women may be treated with estrogen or spironolactone while finasteride may be recommended for postmenopausal women.
When To Call A Professional
Call your doctor whenever you are concerned about hair loss, especially if you are having other unexplained symptoms.
Prognosis
Many forms of hair loss are either self-limited (telogen effluvium or drug side effects) or respond to treatment with medication (tinea capitis). Even hereditary-pattern baldness tends to improve with treatment. However, treatment must continue indefinitely. In some conditions, hair loss cannot be reversed, especially if scarring has developed (as can happen in lupus-related scalp disease).
How to Cut Your Own Hair at Home, According to Stylists
If you can’t get to the salon—for whatever reason—and are considering cutting your own hair at home, here’s what stylists want you to know before picking up the scissors.
Life can get hectic—sometimes causing even routine appointments like a checkup at the dentist or a haircut with your stylist to fall by the wayside. Not to mention, now that you’ve been quarantining for awhile due to coronavirus, you might be noticing some unwanted split ends or that your bangs are getting just a little too long. No matter the reason that you can’t get to the salon, you could be well on your way to getting creative with your grooming at home.
While many stylists don’t recommend cutting your own hair, desperate times call for desperate measures. As long as you aren’t getting too daring with your scissors, you can rid yourself of your dead ends or successfully give yourself a bang trim without it looking like you stuck your head in the garbage disposal.
However, unless you’re an actual hairstylist, major changes are best left to the pros, says Jerome, a stylist at Pierre Michel Salon in New York City. “My biggest tip is to not cut too much. You can always go around a second time if you want to remove more hair,” Jerome tells Health. “Don’t try anything new or different, wait for your stylist and be patient.”
While the general consensus from hairdressers is to wait on drastic chops until you can get to the salon again, we’ve gotten tips from the stylists on how to cut your own hair at home. So go forth—you can now try out that trim with a little more confidence and guidance than before.
Get the right equipment.
Your kitchen scissors just aren’t going to cut it (pun intended) for this type of project. “I wouldn’t recommend using your usual house scissors, because they’re just not going to be sharp enough—the blade is too thick, and because of that, you’re going to get a very jumpy, choppy line,” explains Carrie Butterworth, a celebrity hair stylist at The Salon Project by Joel Warren in New York City. It’ll basically look like a hack job.
If you want a healthy, clean cut, you need to invest in a pair of hair cutting shears. “The best type of scissor to use are the cheaper types of haircutting scissors that you can get at a drugstore,” says Butterworth. If you aren’t able to make a trip to the drugstore, you can snag hair shears online, like the Anastasia Beverly Hills Scissors.
You might also want to consider hair clips, which could help make things easier. Sectioning your hair off with clips allows you to see better and will help you avoid the rough, choppy look you would get if you tried cutting straight across, notes Butterworth. The Harry Josh Pro Styling Clips are a stylist favorite and come in a pack of three.
But first, moisturize.
Before you even think about reaching for the scissors, make sure your hair is protected with a moisturizer, says Dora, a stylist at Pierre Michel Salon in New York City. Working with damp, moisturized hair is the best way to ensure you’re getting a clean cut, so it’s crucial not to skip this step. Her go-to: Moroccanoil Mending Infusion, a nourishing styling product that zaps dryness, fights frizz, and prevents damage. “This product will protect the hair from breakage and seal split ends,” Dora adds.
Make sure your length is even.
When you’re ready to start cutting, start by parting your hair down the middle, regardless of where you normally part it. Then, keeping your chin to your chest, part your hair into one-inch sections and cut each one at a time, says Butterworth. By taking each piece in small sections, you can avoid any major mishaps that would make your hair look uneven.
“After you’ve decided the initial length, just be sure to match the next section to the previous one, holding the hair tautly between your fingers,” she says. Every now and then, step back a couple of feet to see if you’ve made a straight line. “You can make any adjustments you need to make from there,” Butterworth adds.
As for cutting anything more than just a straight line, you should probably hold off until your next salon appointment. “I don’t recommend cutting layers, as there are many different ways to cut layers, and only the person who professionally cuts your hair knows the kind of layers that they’ve put in based on your texture, density, and the look that you want,” warns Butterworth.
Don’t go geometric.
As much as you might like to come out of quarantine with a dramatic new ‘do, Dora suggests keeping it simple until you can see a professional stylist again. “I would recommend not cutting any perimeter or geometric changes to your haircut,” she says. (FYI, The perimeter is the area of the hairline that begins at the forehead, down past the ears to the nape of the neck and back.) And whatever you do, never cut the hair straight across, she cautions.
“Start out by taking small sections of your layers, twisting the hair and point cutting into the ends,” says Dora. In case you’re not familiar, point cutting is a technique stylists use to soften and texturize the ends of your hair, rather than to remove length.
Tread lightly with bangs.
If you’re wanting to touch up your bangs (or try them out for the first time), start off slow and ease into the length you’d like. “Bangs are in our face, [so] please remember you could always go shorter if you feel you left them too long,” says Dora.
To cut bangs, you’ll first want to dry your bangs straight down, and then take a very small section between your eyes and hold it flat against your face, explains Butterworth. “Once you’ve got the initial section, pull another small section in towards the center, and repeat. This will give a gently curved effect, as opposed to China doll bangs,” she adds.
One thing to keep in mind is to not pull your bangs too tightly when you’re cutting, since it could lead to cutting them shorter than desired, points out Butterworth.
Enlist the help of a friend, if you can.
If possible, have someone else cut your hair for you, recommends Butterworth. “My main tip for cutting your hair at home would be that if you have someone at your house cut your hair for you, at the very least, you’ll have a straight line in the back,” she says. While you might not want to trust anyone else with your hair, it’s a lot easier than trying to get a perfect 180 degree, straight-across cut on your own.